基于叶片质外体相关成分和酶活性响应的龙葵耐Cd机理研究

为探讨龙葵(Solanum nigrum L.)耐镉(Cd)机理,采用基质培养法,研究了50 μmol·L^-1 Cd(CdCl₂·2.5H₂O)处理120 d对其生长和叶片细胞壁果胶、木质素含量、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、纤维素酶(Cx)、NADH-过氧化物酶(NADH-POD)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶(GPOD)和松柏醇过氧化物酶(CAPX)活性以及质外体汁液中过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量和GPOD、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,Cd处理显著抑制了龙葵地上和地下部的伸长生长、降低了根的干物质积累(P<0.05),但茎的分枝增多,叶面积、叶绿素含量、净光合速率和胞间CO₂浓度无显著变化(P>0.05);细胞壁结合酶NADH-POD、GPOD和CAPX活性以及果胶含量显著增高(P<0.05),而PG活性显著下降(P<0.05),Cx活性和木质素含量无显著变化(P>0.05);质外体汁液中H₂O₂含量显著增加(P<0.05),GPOD和SOD同工酶谱及活性无显著变化(P>0.05);CAT同工酶谱带增宽,APX同工酶谱带数增加,二者活性均显著升高(P<0.05)。说明50 μmol·L^-1 Cd较长时间处理龙葵植株,其地上部分生长仍处于良好状态,表现出对Cd毒害的耐性,这与Cd处理后叶片细胞壁果胶含量和结合酶GPOD以及质外体汁液中APX、CAT活性升高有关,推测这是龙葵耐Cd的一种机理。     

太阳能暗管排水对银北灌区油葵土壤环境及产量影响

针对土壤盐渍化严重影响了宁夏银北灌区土壤环境和作物产量的问题,通过太阳能暗管排水区和非暗管排水区对比试验方法,着重研究了2017和2018两年太阳能暗管长时间持续排水对土壤环境和油葵产量的影响。结果表明:太阳能暗管排水可以有效改善土壤环境,使两年的地下水平均埋深分别增加4.5%和6.4%,地下水平均矿化度分别降低7.9%和9.0%,两年土壤平均脱盐率分别为4.7%和8.2%,对表层土壤的脱盐效果最为明显。同时提高了油葵产量和水分生产效率,两年油葵产量分别提高13.8%和21.6%,灌溉水分生产效率分别增加13.3%和21.8%,作物水分生产效率分别增加16.4%和22.9%。综合试验结果和经济成本考虑,油葵生育期灌水2次、播前灌水1次、冬灌1次,生育期5-9月持续排水,这是适宜惠农当地太阳能暗管排水条件下油葵的灌排制度。     

Laboratory and on‐farm evaluation of low‐cost salt mixtures for use during salinity acclimation and the nursery phase of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The current study evaluates the efficacy of a low‐cost salt mixture (LCSM) to replace expensive reconstituted sea salt (RSS) in the salinity acclimation and nursery phase of Pacific white shrimp under laboratory and farm conditions. LCSM was formulated to yield sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations closely comparable to that of diluted seawater. Laboratory‐based nursery trials were conducted at 2, 6 and 15 g/L salinities, incrementally replacing RSS with LCSM (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) at four replicates per treatment. Thirty postlarvae were reared for 7 days in 24‐L aquaria during the 2 and 6 g/L trials, while the nursery trial for 15 g/L salinity was conducted for 21 days with 400 postlarvae stocked in 150‐L tanks. On‐farm evaluation of LCSM was carried out in two tank‐based systems installed on levees adjacent to shrimp production ponds. RSS was incrementally replaced with LCSM (0%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and 100 postlarvae stocked into each 800‐L tank. Salinity acclimation was done from 30 g/L to 6 or 1.5 g/L within 2–3 days by pumping water from adjacent shrimp production ponds. Following salinity acclimation, the S4 system maintained flow‐through at 1.5 g/L, while N10 system was maintained static at 6 g/L salinity. At the conclusion, no significant differences were observed for either survival or growth of shrimp postlarvae between RSS and LCSM treatments at all salinities examined. Results reflect the potential use of LCSM to replace RSS, which could be an excellent solution to bring down the cost of production in inland shrimp aquaculture.     

利用SOM聚类分析及主成分分析方法鉴定小麦品种萌发期耐盐性

为了研究不同小麦品种萌发期的耐盐性,为小麦萌发期耐盐性鉴定提供快速、准确的鉴定方法和理论依据。本研究以40个冬小麦品种为试验材料,通过主成分分析法(PCA)与神经网络自组织映射(SOM)聚类分析法,研究盐胁迫对40个小麦品种萌发期各项形态指标的影响。主成分分析法结果表明,发芽势、发芽率、最长根长、第一片叶长及胚芽鞘长在PCA下载荷量最大;根据SOM聚类分析结果,‘德抗961’等4个小麦品种属于高度耐盐品种,‘济麦22’等14个小麦品种属于耐盐性品种,‘济麦20’等16个品种属于中等耐盐性品种,‘鲁麦21’等6个小麦品种属于盐敏感性品种。发芽势、发芽率、最长根长、第一片叶长、胚芽鞘长能够作为萌发期小麦耐盐性筛选的主要评价指标,并且结合主成分、SOM聚类分析方法进行小麦萌发期耐盐性鉴定更为科学、方便。     

盐阳离子类型对红壤裂缝开闭规律的影响

为了探究灌溉水中盐离子浓度及类型对土壤裂缝变化过程的影响,为南方灌溉用水安全提供数据理论支持,采用蒸馏水配置15,10,5和2.5 g/L等4个质量浓度梯度的NaCl,KCl,CaCl₂和MgCl₂等4种类型溶液,分别浸泡南方亚热带地区的典型红壤,并且采用恒温蒸发模拟干燥过程和喷湿法模拟增湿过程,结合数字图像技术提取土壤表层开裂闭合过程中裂缝主要几何参数,分析盐阳离子类型对红壤裂缝发育过程特征的影响.结果表明:红壤干燥过程中,裂缝在土壤质量含水率由30%降至10%时增长最快;在质量含水率低于10%后达到最大值并保持稳定不变.红壤的裂缝面积密度与4种盐阳离子浓度呈极显著正相关关系,裂缝长度密度与K⁺及Mg²⁺呈极显著负相关,与Ca²⁺呈显著负相关关系.4种盐阳离子对红壤开裂面积促进程度深浅顺序为Na⁺,K⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺;4种不同离子浓度的处理中,NaCl质量浓度为10 g/L,而KCl,CaCl₂和MgCl₂质量浓度为15 g/L的溶液对红壤开裂促进效果最好,其裂缝面积相比于蒸馏水处理分别增大了155.0%,160.1%,109.4%和39.2%.红壤的开裂含水率低于闭合含水率,4种盐阳离子浸泡后会使红壤的开裂含水率和闭合含水率均升高.     

盐胁迫下2种樱桃叶片解剖结构的变化

为了筛选耐盐樱桃砧木，用于天津市周边轻度盐碱地区栽培，本试验通过徒手切片的方法，研究了两种樱桃砧木在盐胁迫下的叶片解剖结构变化。结果表明：在盐胁迫下，四川樱桃的叶片增厚了3.99%，大青叶的减少了2.68%；大青叶的表皮层细胞增厚了23.6%，四川樱桃的减少了3.84%；大青叶的角质层增厚3.57%，四川樱桃的减少了18.31%；四川樱桃的栅栏组织层变化不大，大青叶的减少了16.42%；四川樱桃的海绵组织层增厚了31.96%，大青叶的增厚了21.27%；四川樱桃的栅栏组织和海绵组织层厚度的比值变小、减少了29.17%，大青叶的减少了20.80%。盐胁迫使大青叶叶片表皮细胞层变厚，角质层加厚，栅栏组织层变薄，海绵组织层加厚，整个叶片变薄。盐胁迫使四川樱桃表皮细胞层变薄，角质层变薄，海绵组织层加厚，整个叶片变厚。从盐胁迫下的2种樱桃叶片结构的变化综合分析认为大青叶的耐盐性明显高于四川樱桃。     

16个荞麦品种幼苗的耐盐性筛选与评价

为明确荞麦品种间在不同种类盐胁迫下耐盐性的差异,以16个荞麦品种为材料,设置了NaCl、Na₂SO₄和NaHCO₃ 3种单盐处理,研究了其对荞麦发芽率、发芽势、相对伤害率等的影响,最后对荞麦的耐盐性进行综合性评价。结果表明：荞麦对3种盐胁迫的响应存在明显差异,以NaHCO₃处理时16个荞麦品种的发芽率、发芽势、相对发芽势和相对发芽指数均相对较低,对荞麦种子萌发抑制作用最明显;NaCl对荞麦种子萌发的抑制作用最小,其中荞杂1号、平荞2号和川荞1号的萌发率和对照处理一致。荞麦种类间以甜荞的耐盐性高于苦荞。耐盐性综合性评价筛选出耐盐性较强的苦荞品种为九江苦荞和云荞1号,甜荞品种为宁荞1号和贵红甜1号。     

复杂盐碱条件对星星草种子萌发的影响

将2种中性盐NaCl、Na2SO4及2种碱性盐Na2CO3、NaHCO3按不同比例混合。模拟出24种盐度和碱度各不相同的复杂盐碱条件,并用以处理星星草种子,测定其发芽率、发芽势。结果表明,不同碱度的盐分组成对星星草种子萌发的影响基本一致,即均随着盐浓度的增高发芽延迟,发芽率降低,而且均在盐浓度超过300 mmol/L时发芽率降至零。对各胁迫因素与发芽率之间进行统计学分析,结果表明,盐浓度是影响星星草种子萌发的决定性因素,其他因素的作用很小。本实验结果表明,吸水是决定星星草种子萌动与否的关键,由于盐浓度决定水势进而决定种子吸水,所以盐浓度表现为影响种子萌发的关键因素。由于pH值、缓冲量等代表碱度的指标与水势没有直接关系,所以对星星草种子萌动阶段没有决定性影响。     

不同品种南瓜幼苗生长耐盐性的研究

以3个不同品种的南瓜为试材,进行耐盐性试验,测定其幼苗的苗长、根系活力、叶绿素含量、POD(过氧化物酶)活性等生理指标,比较其差异显著性。结果表明:中国南瓜幼苗耐盐性最强,福瓜次之,西洋南瓜幼苗耐盐性最弱。     

Antioxidant,anti-amylase and anti-glycation potential of brans of some Sri Lankan traditional and improved rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties

Brans of 23 traditional and 12 improved (both red and white) rice varieties in Sri Lanka were screened for anti-amylase and anti-glycation activities in vitro. Varieties which showed the highest inhibitory activities at screening were further investigated for anti-glucosidase and glycation reversing as anti-diabetic properties. The same varieties were studied for selected antioxidant properties. Significantly high anti-amylase and anti-glycation activities were observed for bran extracts of red varieties compared to white varieties at screening. Traditional red rice varieties, Masuran, Sudu Heeneti, Dik Wee and Goda Heeneti, exhibited significant and dose dependent anti-amylase, anti-glycation and glycation reversing activities. These varieties also showed marked antioxidant properties. It is concluded that brans of Sri Lankan traditional red rice varieties Masuran, Sudu Heeneti, Dik Wee and Goda Heeneti may be potential food supplements for diabetes.